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With the increasing popularity of the cloud computing model and rapid proliferation of cloud infrastructures there are increasing concerns about energy consumption and consequent impact of cloud computing as a contributor to global CO ₂ emissions. To date, little is known about how to incorporate energy consumption and CO ₂ concerns into cloud application development and deployment decision models. In this respect, this paper describes an eco-aware approach that relies on the definition, monitoring and utilization of energy and CO ₂ metrics combined with the use of innovative application scheduling and runtime adaptation techniques to optimize energy consumption and CO ₂ footprint of cloud applications as well as the underlying infrastructure. The eco-aware approach involves measuring or quantifying the energy consumption and CO ₂ at different levels of cloud computing, using that information to …