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The research program reported in this volume was long and expensive. It is impossible to thank all of the people and institutions who contributed to its successful completion. Only the major contributors can be listed here, but the authors are also indebted to dozens of supporters who remain unnamed. Three foundations provided funding for the research: the National Science Foundation, the James Marshall Fund, and the National Institute for Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Harvard University and Northwestern University contributed by providing congenial colleagues, excellent facilities, and institutional atmospheres in which hard, protracted intellectual work was possible.