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Evaluated the efficacy of a preventive compliance intervention based on cognitive therapy principles with 11 male and 17 female 24–60 yr old newly admitted lithium outpatients. Half of the Ss received standard medication clinic care; the rest also received the compliance intervention. Global medical regimen adherence at postintervention and at 3-and 6-mo follow-up assessments was assessed by self-and informant reports, physicians' ratings, chart notations, and serum lithium blood levels. Results show that the intervention significantly enhanced compliance at both postintervention and 6-mo follow-up assessment. In addition, intervention Ss significantly less often terminated lithium against medical advice, were hospitalized during the course of the study, or had noncompliance-precipitated episodes.(17 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)