View article

Indonesia is an archipelagic nation that comprises more than 17,504 islands and hosts the largest mangrove forest area in the world, consisting of 2.7 million ha in 2020. Mangrove forests in Indonesia distribute across all 34 provinces, with major areas distributed in the Eastern Indonesia region. Papua province has the largest mangrove area with 26.6% and followed by West Papua (17.5%), East Kalimantan (7.5%) and North Kalimantan (5.6%). Mangroves in deltaic and estuary settings in Indonesia are developed in a relatively large area in major islands, while oceanic mangroves typically occur across small islands, particularly in Sulawesi and Maluku regions. Mangrove flora in Indonesia comprises 157 species, of which 52 tree species (true mangrove), 21 species of shrubs, 13 species of liana, 7 species of palms, 14 species of grasses, 8 species of herbs, 3 species of parasites, 36 species of epiphytes and 3 …