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Exclusive breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for infants in the first 6 months of life. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran in the first 6 months of life, and the factors that influence it. In a population-based, cross-sectional study 538 mothers with children aged 6-24 months completed an interview questionnaire. Only 46.5% of mothers exclusively breastfed their infant in the first 6 months of life. In multivariate analysis formula supplementation in the hospital [‎OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.17-0.95]‎ and mother receiving conflicting infant feeding advice [‎OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.37- 0.78]‎ had a negative effect on exclusive breastfeeding. Mother's intention to exclusively breastfeed [‎OR = 5.85, 95% CI: 2.88-11.9]‎ and infant having first breast contact 6-30 minutes after delivery [‎OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.17-4.72]‎ had positive effects on exclusive breastfeeding