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One of the most striking differences between vegetarians and meat eaters would seemingly exist in their cognitive, affective, and behavioral tendencies toward meat and plant-based sources of diet. The present chapter reviews the extant research on such attitudinal differences. Much of the relatively older literature focused on explicit attitudes toward meat, relied on small samples from North America and the United Kingdom, was overly liberal in defining what constitutes a vegetarian, and generally failed to analyze differences between vegetarian subgroups. Nonetheless, it seems clear from this work that vegetarians expressed strong antimeat attitudes. Recent studies have been more sensitive in how they have operationalized vegetarianism and have examined attitudinal differences between vegetarian subgroups. The available evidence suggests that differences in attitudes toward meat may help distinguish …