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In 1949 Egas Moniz won the Nobel Prize for inventing the procedure commonly known as the prefrontal lobotomy. Within twenty-five years, the procedure was both generally abandoned and widely reviled. Today we are regularly making new discoveries about the functioning of the human brain, discoveries that have led many lawyers, philosophers, and neuroscientists to speculate about the consequences of our new understanding for the criminal justice system. 2 Their attention has focused almost exclusively on questions of responsibility and their conclusions have ranged from apocalyptic 3 to" business as usual." 4 I, too, believe that advances in neuroscience will change, dramatically, the criminal justice system, but I expect issues of responsibility to play a