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All patterns of behavior are produced by interacting nerve cells. Although progress has been rapid on the level of the single nerve cell and its different types of ion channels, little or no knowledge is available on how the neural networks underlying different aspects of the vertebrate behavioral repertoire may function on a cellular level. The reason for this condition is that a detailed knowledge about the circuitry is required, for instance how different, relevant nerve cells interact, their properties, the types of synaptic interaction between interneurons, and so forth. Such detailed knowledge has been beyond reach with current techniques for these com plex mammalian nervous systems, which have been studied in some detail, like those of rat and cat. Nevertheless, much valuable information has been gathered about these nervous systems concerning which parts of the