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We used growth mixture modeling to examine heterogeneity in treatment response in a secondary analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials testing multidimensional family therapy (MDFT), an established evidence-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse and delinquency. The first study compared 2 evidence-based adolescent substance abuse treatments: individually focused cognitive–behavioral therapy and MDFT in a sample of 224 urban, low-income, ethnic minority youths (average age= 15 years, 81% male, 72% African American). The second compared a cross-systems version of MDFT (MDFT—detention to community) with enhanced services as usual for 154 youths, also primarily urban and ethnic minority (average age= 15 years, 83% male, 61% African American, 22% Latino), who were incarcerated in detention facilities. In both studies, the analyses supported the …