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Wastewater treatment not only protects our environment and human health but also conserves resources and recovers energy. Requiring less energy, achieving higher effluent quality, more efficient organic carbon capture (in the form of methane), and complete sludge retention than other conventional wastewater treatment methods, anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) technology has attracted significant attention in the research and industrial fields. Significant progress has been made in AnMBR configuration, membrane materials and operational optimization in the past few decades. Here, we reviewed the progress on key elements of AnMBRs including anaerobic digestion, advanced membrane materials, and the latest designs of AnMBR. Membrane fouling, a critical issue in AnMBRs, was correlated with the membrane materials and systematic designs. Additionally, we also summarized the emerging …