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The process of rapid urbanization makes our planet’s natural ecosystems subject to strong interferences of different kinds of human activities, which affect the relationship between ecosystem services (ESs) supply and demand. Hence, unraveling the impact of urbanization on ESs supply and demand is urgently needed, especially in urban agglomerations. Previous case studies focused on the impact of land use change on ESs supply, and the relationship between urbanization and ESs supply and demand is still unclear. More precisely, the differences in the impact of population growth, economic development, and land use change on ES supply and demand remains unstudied. Taking the rapidly urbanized Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration of China as an example, this study focused on four typical ESs, i.e. water yield, grain production, carbon sequestration and local recreation. The impact of …