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This is the first review to examine progress and barriers towards achieving food security in Melanesia as defined by United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger and its component targets. Globally, Indigenous Peoples makeup ~5% of the global population and are responsible for protecting ~80% of the world's biodiversity. Indigenous Melanesians live within one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, however our findings suggest that traditional agrobiodiversity and food system knowledge are being lost to urbanization, lifestyle changes, imported foods, and deforestation. While progress has been made in reducing stunting and wasting, considerable efforts are still required to reverse the rising rates of NCDs and achieve food security in Melanesia. Future strategies should focus on promoting nutrition education, improved education for women, increasing agrobiodiversity within food systems …