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Seed predation is a key demographic process for plant population dynamics and community structure. The strength of seed predation for a given plant species often varies among populations depending on both plant traits (e.g. seed size) and extrinsic factors (e.g. seed predator abundance). Because both types of factors tend to covary spatially, identifying their relative contribution to changes in seed predation through observational approaches is challenging. During two consecutive years, we reciprocally translocated seeds of Iberian pear (Pyrus bourgaeana) from five localities in SW Spain to estimate changes in interaction strength between the tree and its seed-eaters (mostly rodents). We also measured relevant seed traits, the abundance of granivore rodents, and the density of fruiting-shrubs in the same five populations. Both seed traits and extrinsic factors varied among the five studied populations. As …