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Innovation processes in land-use systems require land-users to change their management actions. Understanding land-users’ management actions requires understanding of how land-users regulate their system i.e. how they achieve what they want to achieve. Their management is based on their experience, which remains usually hidden to scientists, as it is usually not explained (made explicit) to third parties, either due to the lack of necessity within the production process, or, because the underlying knowledge / experience is implicit and insufficiently formalised to make it explicit. In this chapter we will present a methodology based on second-order cybernetics to model land users’ regulation of the production process and thereby transform their experience and their underlying knowledge into information for science.

Using this methodology permits to identify the observations, which landusers make …