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Vapor–liquid–liquid equilibrium (VLLE) during product recovery and separation after Fischer–Tropsch synthesis affects the efficiency of downstream processing. Proper prediction of the VLLE is necessary to improve this processing step in the Fischer–Tropsch process; however, there is little guidance on what thermodynamic models to use. A similar problem presents itself in processes related to biomass conversion. The selection of an appropriate thermodynamic model to describe the nonideal VLLE of water–oxygenate–hydrocarbon mixtures was investigated. Cubic equations of state, virial equations of state, activity coefficient models, and equations of state with advanced mixing rules were considered. The evaluation was conducted using both default and optimized parameters. Predictive performance was improved when binary interaction parameters were optimized using experimental data, but parameter …