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Through European colonialisms spanning five centuries, coloniality – as intersectional stratification and violence directed against ‘other worlds’ – has been central to the making of modern societies worldwide. However, these colonial modernities are very rarely addressed within studies on sustainability transitions. This dearth of attention means that transitions scholars risk failing to challenge the reproduction of colonially accumulated power and privilege in innovation and niche development processes. Building on theoretical insights from postcolonial and decolonial studies, alongside multiple other strands of critical social theory, we conceptualise six dimensions of colonial modernities. These are: assumptions of comprehensive ‘superiority’; appropriation of cultural privileges; assertions of military supremacy; enforcement of gendered domination; extension of controlling imaginations; and expansion of toxic …