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Memory consolidation is a dynamic process occurring over the lifetime of a memory, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The hippocampus is considered to be a critical structure for the acquisition, initial storage, and retrieval of a memory, but there is considerable debate over the continuing role of the hippocampus in representing a memory as it ages. Studies in rodents and humans both point towards a reorganization of hippocampus-dependent memory traces in the cortex over time, but when and how long it takes these large-scale network changes to occur is uncertain. In this chapter, we address how a memory that is initially dependent on the hippocampus becomes represented in the cortex, independently of the hippocampus. We also discuss how the quality of the memory changes (transforms) as the trace reorganizes over time, with a focus on hippocampal-cortical interactions as …