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The ecology of language has been a steady influence on the study of multilingualism since the late 1950s (eg, Trim, 1959; Voegelin & Voegelin, 1964; Haugen, 1972; Arndt & Janney, 1984; Mühlhäusler, 1996; Hornberger, 2002). While the general concept of ecology can be traced back to the work of nineteenth-century naturalist Ernst Haeckel, it was theoretically refined for the study of multilingualism by Einar Haugen in the 1960s and 1970s (Hartig, 1984; Hornberger, 2002). It has since diversified to include broad, dynamic, and controversial approaches for investigating relationships between language and the (social) environment (Fill & Mühlhäusler, 2001a). Since the 1990s the ecology of language has emerged as increasingly important to language policy and planning (LPP) researchers as they seek to investigate relationships between societal multilingualism and individual language choices and, in turn, how …