View article

With data from the European Social Survey (N= 36,602), individual patterns of three immigration attitudes, referred to as gatekeeping attitudes, were investigated within and across 21 European national contexts. Gatekeeping attitudes, akin to blatant and subtle forms of xenophobia, designate the level of endorsement of different admission standards set for immigrants entering European countries, as well as of expulsion criteria for immigrants transgressing norms and laws. AK‐means cluster analysis, performed on national majority members' scores of endorsement of individual (eg, language and working skills) and categorical (eg, skin colour, religion) entry criteria and individual expulsion criteria (eg, criminal act, long‐term unemployment), yielded a typology of three constrained combinations of these dimensions. Strict gatekeepers favoured all criteria, lenient gatekeepers opposed all criteria, whereas individualist …