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Feralization is an important evolutionary process, but the mechanisms behind it remain 32 poorly understood. Here, we use the ancient fiber crop, ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) 33 Gaudich.) as a model to investigate genomic changes associated with both 34 domestication and fertilization. We first produced a chromosome-scale de novo genome 35 assembly of feral ramie and investigated structural variations between feral and 36 domesticated ramie genomes. Next, 915 accessions from 20 countries were gathered, 37 comprising cultivars, major landraces, feral populations and wild progenitor. Based on 38 whole genome resequencing of these accessions, the most comprehensive ramie 39