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Some studies that have used “pseudo-patron” methods have provided the basis for criticism of pharmacists' performance and have stigmatised these methods in pharmacy research.

To test and refine the use of pseudo-patron methodology, with feedback to practitioners, as a means of implementing behaviour change.

In the studies reported in this paper practice behaviour was shaped by conducting a workshop and then providing ongoing training in the form of feedback and coaching immediately after a pseudo-patron visit. The involvement of pseudo-patrons was negotiated with pharmacists and their staff and embedded within their professional development.

An initial study showed that, compared with controls, pseudo-patron trained pharmacists were significantly more likely to identify off-label (not in …