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In recent decades, the discovery, extraction, and export of petroleum have significantly strengthened the economy. However, the processes of petroleum exploration, development and production have localized negative impacts on the atmosphere, soil, sediments, surface, groundwater, marine environment, and terrestrial ecosystems. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbons and waste streams has led to environmental pollution that poses risks to human health, affects socioeconomic conditions, and impacts communities in oil-producing countries. It is therefore crucial to promote a deeper understanding of petroleum contamination in soil, water, and atmosphere—an understanding that is actively evolving. The literature will mark a new milestone in the study of petroleum contamination and highlight significant advances in this environmental field. This comprehensive review examines the wide-ranging impacts of …