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Grammars can serve as producers for structured test inputs that are syntactically correct by construction. A probabilistic grammar assigns probabilities to individual productions, thus controlling the distribution of input elements. Using the grammars as input parsers, we show how to learn input distributions from input samples, allowing to create inputs that are similar to the sample; by inverting the probabilities, we can create inputs that are dissimilar to the sample. This allows for three test generation strategies : 1) “Common inputs”–by learning from common inputs, we can create inputs that are similar to the sample; this is useful for regression testing. 2) “Uncommon inputs”–learning from common inputs and inverting probabilities yields inputs that are strongly dissimilar to the sample; this is useful for completing a test suite with “inputs from hell” that test uncommon features, yet are syntactically valid. 3) “Failure …