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The primary focus of the report so far has been on the experience of minoritized individuals in sciences, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) environments, situated within the larger sociopolitical context of the United States. As discussed in the first four chapters, the evidence has demonstrated that minoritized individuals have faced numerous systemic barriers, including macro-level policies and practices that have negatively impacted their opportunities, representation, and ability to thrive in STEMM careers. This chapter shifts the lens of analysis from an examination of racial bias at the systemic level to an examination of racial bias as it occurs at the individual and interpersonal levels. This chapter addresses the charge in the statement of task on reviewing the research and evidence on the ways in which racism at the individual level impedes STEMM careers for minoritized individuals …