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To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, prescribed therapies, and concurrent diseases; the risk of death for patients who developed anemia compared with risk for patients who did not develop anemia; and, of patients who did develop anemia, the risk of death for those who did not recover from anemia compared with the risk for those who did recover. The 1 …