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To optimize the operation and know the relationships between operation and potential capability of UASB-anammox mixed culture process, reactor kinetic models were conducted and the potential nitrogen conversion rates were estimated. Total nitrogen (TN), NH 4+-N and NO 2−-N removal efficiency were simulated and predicted by modified Stovere-Kincannon model, Monod model, First-order model and Grau second-order substrate removal models. The nitrogen gas production rate was also evaluated by Van der meer and heertjes model. During the process, the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) was increased from 0.93 to 7.34 g L− 1 d− 1 following the substrate increased from 280 to 462 mg N L− 1 and hydraulic residence times (HRT) decreased from 24 h to 1.5 h, the highest achieved removal efficiency of NH 4+–N, NO 2−–N and TN were 99, 95 and 90%, respectively. Simulation results proved that the Modified …