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Ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation process (UV-PCO) is a promising approach for removing indoor volatile organic compound (VOC). Although the adequate efficiency of PCO in laboratory conditions has been proven, the application of PCO in VOCs degradation has been greatly hindered in large-scale applications. The effect of scaling up and real conditions cause some limitations for large-scale systems. Based on our knowledge, despite extensive published research on PCO of TiO₂-based photocatalysts in bench-scale setups, there is a lack of studies regarding the effects of scaling up and by-product generation in pilot and full-scale setups. The main objective of this study is to investigate the scaling effect on toluene and isobutanol removal efficiency and by-product generation in conditions close to the real application. For this purpose, three test setups i.e., full, pilot, and bench-scale, were employed to …