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Cellulose as the most abundant regrowing organic material exhibits outstanding properties and useful applications, but also a tremendous challenge with regard to an economical and environmentally friendly chemical processing. In recent years the N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO)-technology turned out to be a simple physical alternative to the yet dominating viscose-technology for producing regenerated cellulosic fibers, films, food casings, membranes, sponges, beads, and others without hazardous byproducts. With consideration of own results, the present paper reviews the state of the art knowledge on structure formation of fibers and films via the NMMO-route comprising the cellulose–NMMO–water phase system, the state of solution, the dry jet-wet shaping, the precipitation, and the drying stages. Dissolving pulp as the starting material can be dissolved easily without pretreatment in NMMO-monohydrate …