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Concurrent improvements in aerobic capacity and muscle hypertrophy in response to a single mode of training have not been reported. We examined the effects of low-intensity cycle exercise training with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle size and maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max). A group of 19 young men (mean age±SD: 23.0±1.7 years) were allocated randomly into either a BFR-training group (n= 9, BFR-training) or a non-BFR control training group (n= 10, CON-training), both of which trained 3 days/wk for 8 wk. Training intensity and duration were 40% of VO 2 max and 15 min for the BFR-training group and 40% of VO 2 max and 45 min for the CON-training group. MRI-measured thigh and quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area and muscle volume increased by 3.4-5.1%(P< 0.01) and isometric knee extension strength tended to increase by 7.7%(p< 0.10) in the BFR-training group. There …