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Effective knowledge exchange between farmers and other stakeholders, such as agricultural extensionists and soil scientists, is essential for increasing opportunities for sustainable soil fertility management. To achieve this, it is necessary to understand local farmers’ conceptualisation of soil fertility. In a large body of works on local soil knowledge, the relationships of concepts constructing soil fertility knowledge and difference of knowledge among farmers have not been well documented. This study visualizes farmers’ perceptions of soil fertility as aggregated mental models which represent cognition. Aggregated mental models of fertile and low fertility soils were created from data collected from 59 farmer interviews at two villages in Kitui County, Kenya. The share of respondents of each concept were shown to analyze the knowledge gaps among farmers and between villages. The mental models revealed that …