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Poaching, a major threat to wildlife worldwide, is pushing species toward extinction. To reduce poaching pressure and combat biodiversity loss, improved law-enforcement efforts reportedly are required; the effectiveness of which can be determined through rigorous monitoring of wildlife populations, particularly of endangered large carnivores. In the Eastern Plains Landscape of Cambodia, law-enforcement efforts increased to counter the severe threats from illegal activities; however, it is unknown if these strategies are benefiting the population of the Critically Endangered Indochinese leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri), the last large felid population of eastern Indochina. We used open population spatial capture-recapture models to estimate density, survival, per-capita recruitment, and population growth rates of leopard using data from 7 camera-trap surveys conducted over 11 years (2009–2019). We found that …