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Economic sanctions are coercive tools of statecraft that disrupt economic transactions with a target actor in order to compel concessions or weaken its capabilities. Sender governments face challenges in implementing sanctions because private sector actors resent disruptions to their otherwise profitable transactions and may pursue legal or illegal ways of circumventing the sanctions’ requirements. Additionally, third-party governments may provide target states with sanctions-busting support that undercuts the effectiveness of sanctioning efforts. For sanctions to be effective, sender governments must overcome substantial challenges in obtaining the compliance of the private sector actors subject to its sanctions’ jurisdiction and discouraging sanctions busting by third parties. This chapter uses insights from the academic literature on sanctions and from the United States’ sanctioning strategies to identify and discuss …