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Home gardens, especially in rural areas, are usually cultivated with a mixture of annual and perennial plants that can be harvested on a daily or seasonal basis. Although the structure of home gardens varies from region to region, home gardens are characterized by their diversity of species composition. Many species are represented by several varieties, some only partly domesticated. Home gardening is a sustainable production system which has been practiced for centuries, and its multiple use products contribute significantly to the fulfilment of the nutritional and income needs of the household. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the structure and function of home gardens in the course of rapid economic development in Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java. The study revisited the assumption that home gardens are entities which contribute to in situ conservation of plant genetic resources in the farming system. By doing this, we are hoping to improve our knowledge of the structure and function of home gardens in relation to their multidimensional social, economic, ecological, and cultural dynamics. The findings of the present study suggest that in situ conservation in home gardens in Upper Citarum Watershed would likely face great challenges.