View article

This chapter describes two highly sophisticated mixed cropping systems that account for most of the food production in addition to rice in Java, where a high human population density forces farmers to extract their subsistence efficiently from a small amount of land. Perennial tree crops are an important part of both cropping systems. In the home garden, trees are interplanted with field crops; in the other system, tree plantations are rotated with field crops to form a highly intensive 'permanent swidden'.