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Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has its origins in research that long preceded the current flurry of activity. The study of the electrospray phenomena extends back perhaps over two and one-half centuries to the work of Bose (l), and certainly to that of Zeleny early in this century (2). The seminal research into the use of electrospray as an ionization method for macromolecules was due to Malcom Dole and co-workers (3, 4), who, more than twenty years ago, performed extensive studies into the electrospray process and defined many of the important experimental parameters. The purpose of Dole’s studies was to use ES1 to produce gas-phase macro-ions. Dole’s approach was largely an adaptation of the electrospray studies performed in the 1930s by Chapman, in which ionmobility studies were conducted for electrospray ionization of low-molecularweight salt solutions (5). Experimental evidence …