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To investigate biogeographic patterns of obligate freshwater fishes.

Australia.

Similarity indices, parsimony analysis, and drainage‐based plots of species’ ranges were used to identify patterns.

Relationships among regions were deduced largely by concordance between methodologies, then summarized into a proposed series of faunal provinces.

The most striking pattern was in the incidence of endemism across the continent. Provinces in southern, central, and western Australia have high numbers of endemic fishes, presumably resulting from isolation by aridity and drainage divides. With exception of one region, northern and eastern Australia provinces have few endemics, probably explained in the north by high drainage connectivity during times of lowered sea levels. This does not account for low endemism in the east because drainages appear to have …