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Participatory mapping (P-mapping) and Participatory GIS (P-GIS) are usually assumed to be cost-effective, notwithstanding that their lower costs may be offset by lower standards of precision and maybe accuracy, than for full-blown GIS. Concomitantly P-mapping and P-GIS are considered to have superior effects in terms of relevance, usefulness, sustainability, empowerment, and meeting good governance objectives, due to their eponymous stress on participation and on utilising local knowledge.