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Method: My aim was to subdivide the northern permafrost region into subregions based on: topography (mountainous vs flat terrain), broad climatic zones ((sub-) oceanic vs continental vs hypercontinental), latitudinal gradients (isolated to discontinuous vs continuous zones, further split by the arctic treeline), and specific edaphic conditions (eg peatlands, yedoma and delta). The degree of subdivision was based on my evaluation of available data for each subregion (hence the Alaskan and European Arctic case studies) and the size of the carbon pool (so, except for the case study areas, the mountains have not been further subdivided because I expect low data availability and generally low C storage).