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Although measurement has been a key factor in the development of modern science, studies on its foundations appeared relatively late, in the second half of the nineteenth century. They concerned, at the same time, both physical and behavioral sciences and they paralleled the constitution of the international system of metrology, with the signing of the Metre Convention. It is important to be aware of such common roots for understanding and putting in the right perspective what happened later, up to the present day. So, a historical overview of these crucial nineteenth century developments is presented in the rst part of this chapter, up to the division that arose among the two communities-physicists and engineers on the one side, psychological and behavioral scientists on the other-in the rst part of the twentieth century. With lack of communication such division led to an essentially parallel development on …