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This paper examines industrial plantation subsidies' issues and begins to assess the impacts and implications of these subsidies on the global forest. After reviewing the current status of industrial plantations and the types and levels of plantation subsidies in use, key economic and social issues are assessed with the intent of improving the design and targeting of subsidies. We also recommend steps for governments, industry and conservation organizations to better understand and agree on subsidy regimes that support the conservation of the world's forests and forestry's contribution to social development.