Authors
Jeroen P Van der Sluijs, Noa Simon-Delso, Dave Goulson, Laura Maxim, Jean-Marc Bonmatin, Luc P Belzunces
Publication date
2013/9/1
Source
Current opinion in environmental sustainability
Volume
5
Issue
3-4
Pages
293-305
Publisher
Elsevier
Description
Highlights
- In 20 years neonicotinoids have become the most widely used class of insecticides.
- Neonicotinoids have transformed the agrochemical landscape for pollinators.
- At field realistic concentrations, neonicotinoids cause a wide range of weakening effects on bees.
- A transition to pollinator-friendly alternatives to neonicotinoids is urgently needed.
In less than 20 years, neonicotinoids have become the most widely used class of insecticides with a global market share of more than 25%. For pollinators, this has transformed the agrochemical landscape. These chemicals mimic the acetylcholine neurotransmitter and are highly neurotoxic to insects. Their systemic mode of action inside plants means phloemic and xylemic transport that results in translocation to pollen and nectar. Their wide application, persistence in soil and water and potential for uptake by succeeding crops and wild plants make neonicotinoids …
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