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Crop residue management is one of the important parts for sustainable agriculture and the rural economy. Residue management practices can have a significant impact on soil health, water quality, air quality, and overall agricultural productivity. However, improper residue management can lead to problems such as soil erosion, nutrient loss, reduced water absorption, increased pest and disease pressure, air pollution from open burning etc. There are several advantages and disadvantages of crop residue management. Some advantages of crop residue management includes improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties, improving soil productivity, maintaining erosion, soil temperature, residue management for environmental resources etc. However, improper handling and disposal of agricultural residues may raise serious issues since it encourages the reckless practice of on-field burning of crop leftover, which results in a permanent loss of nutrients, soil fertility, and the ecosystem as a whole. Therefore, while practicing agricultural residue management in a sustainable manner, we have to focus both on its advantages as well as disadvantages. This chapter emphasises on the different aspects of crop residue management, its role in energy