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I would also like to thank my university, National University of Singapore, for providing financial support and excellent research environment. In addition, my deepest thanks to Sustainable Development & Water Alliance, previously known as Singapore Delft Water alliance (SDWA) and The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) for providing research funding.

During this long journey, I got the opportunity to interact with researchers of diverse backgrounds, which helped me gain further insights into microbial ecology. Discussions with Prof. Phanikumar, Mantha, Prof. Peter Steinberg, Prof Stefan Wuertz and Dr. Veronica Rajal were insightful. I appreciate the feedback offered by Dr. Rohan Williams and Dr. Federico Lauro. I thank all my lab members, colleagues from SDWA and SCELSE for all countless discussions with constructive comments and warm encouragements.