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Non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM₁) species measured by an Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) along with collocated gaseous species are used to investigate the impacts of relative humidity (RH) on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing, China. Aerosol species exhibit strong, yet different RH dependence between low and high RH levels. At low RH levels (<50%), all aerosol species increase linearly as a function of RH, among which organics present the largest mass increase rate at 11.4 μg m⁻³/10% RH. Because the particle liquid water predicted by E-AIM model is very low and the temperature is relatively constant, the enhancement of aerosol species is primarily due to the decrease of wind speed. While the rates of increase for most aerosol species are reduced at high RH levels (>50%), sulfate presents an even faster increasing rate, indicating …