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A novel concept of utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) to boost oil recovery and reduce entrapped oil in hydrocarbon reservoirs is being explored. The use of nanofluids (NFs) flooding to change wettability and reduce interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water has been shown to be highly effective in experiments. Preparation and modification methods influence the performance of NPs. The application of hydroxyapatite NPs (HAP) in EOR has yet to be investigated. HAP was synthesized in this study using the co-precipitation method and in-situ surface functionalization with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate SDS to visualize it effect on IFT reduction and wettability alteration under different salinity and temperature settings. To confirm the synthesis of HAP, zeta potential (ZP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size analysis (PSA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy dispersive X–ray (EDX …