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Researchers have identified areas as diverse as parts of visual cortex, the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex, and the superior temporal sulcus. At present, a vast array of experimental work seeks to understand the unique role played by each of these centers in our ability to represent the mental states of others. This work has been elegantly summarized in a number of recent reviews (eg, Allison, Puce, & McCarthy, 2000; Gallagher & Frith, 2003; Saxe, Carey, & Kanwisher, 2004), so we will not focus on it here. Instead, we highlight here a potential methodological challenge that neuroscientific investigations of ToM have now begun to face. To date, explorations into the neural substrates of ToM have focused primarily on the subjects to whom we can confidently attribute these abilities—ourselves. Consequently, much of the research exploring the neural basis of ToM has utilized …