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Land cover governs biogeophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks between the land surface and atmosphere. Holocene vegetation-atmosphere interactions are of particular interest, both to understand the climate effects of intensifying human land use and as a possible explanation for the Holocene Conundrum, a widely studied mismatch between simulated and reconstructed temperatures. Progress addressing the Conundrum has been limited by a lack of data-constrained, quantified, and consistent reconstructions of Holocene land cover change. Following protocols from PAGES LandCover6k, a network of 1445 sedimentary pollen records from the Neotoma Paleoecology Database, and the REVEALS pollen-vegetation model coupled with a Bayesian spatial model, we developed land cover reconstructions with uncertainty for North America for 25 time intervals spanning the Holocene. We use these spatially …