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There are just under 1 billion people without access to electricity and around 3 billion who still rely on traditional cooking fuels such as firewood, largely in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) 1 (IEA et al., 2020). Providing universal access to energy services is urgently needed and is an integral part of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 2019 Tracking Global reported that the investment needed to deliver universal access is estimated at USD 55 billion annually up to 2030 (IEA et al., 2019); equivalent to less than 2 per cent of global energy investment (IEA, 2017). This is supported by the 2019 Energising Finance report, which highlights that year-on-year investment is falling short of what is required to deliver universal access (SE4All, 2019). Clearly this is an issue of justice and equity. This chapter focuses on the equity and justice dimensions of energy access in LMICs …