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Carbon impression and the growing reliance on fossil fuels are two unique concerns for world emission regulatory agencies. These issues have placed electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) on the forefront as alternative vehicles. The LIB has noticeable features, including high energy and power density, compared with other accessible electrochemical energy storage systems. However, LIB is exceedingly nonlinear and dynamic; therefore, it generally requires an accurate online state-of-charge (SOC) estimation algorithm for real-time applications. Accurate battery modelling is an essential and primary requirement of online SOC estimation to simulate the dynamics. In this paper, different modelling methods suitable for online SOC estimation are discussed, and four groups of available online SOC estimation approaches are reviewed. After the general survey, the study explores the available …