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Most smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have infertile soils and inorganic fertiliser use is generally low resulting in suboptimal yields. Low cost and environmentally friendly soil management options, such as the use of microbial inoculants, have the potential to sustainably improve soil productivity and food security. There is potential to sustainably supply nitrogen and phosphorus and micronutrients through microbial inoculants consisting of rhizobia, phosphorus solubilising bacteria and mycorrhiza, consequently, improving cereal and legume yields in SSA farming systems. An in-depth understanding of bacterial and fungal inoculant uses and an exploration of their potential incorporation in farming systems are essential for developing strategies for deploying these sustainable soil management technologies in smallholder SSA farming systems. This chapter seeks to establish the extent of …